BU-003: Dedication
The information in this book is provided for the benefit of all battery users. Batteries have become our steady travel companion. They help us reach a friend, allow us to work outside the confines of four walls, offer entertainment when time permits and enable personal transportation. But most importantly, batteries connect humanity and support missions that help people in need.
I dedicate this book to my five children and many grandchildren, who have a keen interest in batteries. They understand the importance of clean power to maintain freedom of mobility while protecting our environment and reducing the dependence on fossil fuel. They also want to pass our wonderful world to future generations as God’s gift to us, well-sustained and unspoiled by mankind.
With Special Thanks
The author of BatteryUniversity.com, Isidor Buchmann, thanks Cadex Electronics for sponsoring this website. The Cadex staff has been most supportive in providing discoveries from their laboratories and sharing material that is of interest to battery users. Special attention goes to advancements in battery management and diagnostic technologies, as well as developments in rapid-testing.
Jeff Dahn | Professor of Physics and Chemistry, Dalhousie University
DAHN is recognized worldwide as a distinguished scientist in the field of advanced lithium batteries. He is one of the pioneering developers of the lithium-ion battery, has authored 610 refereed journal papers and has issued or filed 65 patented inventions. According to the Electrochemical Society Interface, Dahn is one of the most prolific authors in the Journal of the Electrochemical Society and has one of the most-cited papers in the journal.
Dahn obtained his B.Sc. in physics from Dalhousie University (1978) and earned his Ph.D. from the University of British Columbia in 1982. He then worked at the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada (1982–85) and at Moli Energy Limited (1985–1990) before taking up a faculty position in the Physics Department at Simon Fraser University in 1990. He joined Dalhousie University in 1996 as the NSERC/3M Canada Industrial Research Chair in Materials for Advanced Batteries and was appointed Canada Research Chair in 2003.
Dahn has received numerous national and international awards, including the Herzberg Medal, Canadian Association of Physicists; Battery Division Research Award of the Electrochemical Society (1996) and the Battery Division Technology Award (2011); NSERC University/Industry Synergy Award for collaborative efforts with 3M Canada (2003) and the Medal for Excellence in Teaching from the Canadian Association of Physicists. In 2015, Dahn entered an exclusive agreement with Tesla Motors for a five-year partnership beginning in June 2016.
Paul Craig | Director of Technology at E-One Moli Energy (Canada) Ltd.
CRAIG began his battery career in 1986 in the R&D department at Moli Energy, where he designed equipment for manufacturing and testing of rechargeable lithium batteries. As Senior Applications Engineer, he developed fuel gauges for smart batteries and was responsible for specifying and approving batteries for military, medical and commercial use. In his position as Director of Technology he is a key interface between the battery industry and the R&D department. Craig travels the world and devotes equal time to batteries for portable applications and the electric vehicle. He provided invaluable resources for this book, especially on manganese-based chemistries and user applications.
Jörn Tinnemeyer | Senior Director Energy Storage Systems, Teco Group
TINNEMEYER has contributed to this book on the electrical, chemical and implicational side of the battery. He has won many prestigious awards, honors and international research scholarships, but his main achievements are battery rapid-test technologies to estimate state-of-health that secured five patents. Today, these innovations are in commercial use and are known as Spectro™ and QuickSort™. Tinnemeyer holds a degree from the University of Toronto in mathematics and applied physics, completed graduate work in high-energy physics at Simon Fraser University and earned a master’s degree in astronautics and space engineering at Cranfield University in the UK.
Tina Shoa | Ph.D., Senior Research Engineer, Cadex Electronics Inc.
SHOA received her Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of British Columbia (UBC) in the field of modeling and characterization of electrochemical systems. She contributed to multi-dimensional modeling for energy storage systems including batteries, fuel cells and polymer actuators and sensors. She has won prestigious awards in the area of applied electrochemical systems, received the NSREC industrial postdoctoral fellowship and completed the postdoctoral program at Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation (AFCC) as a research scientist. Shoa has authored a book chapter and 15 peer-reviewed articles in the areas of electro-chemical devices, served on the Graduate Advisory Board at UBC and supervised graduate students in conducting research in energy storage systems. With her research team, Shoa is studying new products in battery management and diagnostics, including battery rapid-testing.
David Conn | Professor Emeritus of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University
CONN received his Ph.D. degree from Queen’s University (1970) in the field of Microwave Device Modelling where he introduced the concepts of State-Space-Analysis to the microwave community. This technique allows the combination of circuit and device modeling into one unified method of studying microwave systems.
He conducted research and development in academia and played a significant role in developing microwave solid state circuits while working in the digital radio department of Bell-Northern Research. His research spanned the areas from circuit applications to opto-electronic measurement systems. He was later appointed an NSERC Research Chair at McMaster University where he became Chair of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and an Associate Member of the Engineering Physics Department.
Acknowledgements
The author also thanks Bill Campbell, John Bradshaw, David Conn and Deborah Hutton for their dedicated editing and proofreading efforts. Special thanks go to Ljuba Levstek for the line drawings in Chapter 1. No one is able to complete an informational website single-handedly. In the end, it’s the teamwork that adds quality and provides completeness.
Last Updated: 3-Dec-2021
Batteries In A Portable World
The material on Battery University is based on the indispensable new 4th edition of "Batteries in a Portable World - A Handbook on Rechargeable Batteries for Non-Engineers" which is available for order through Amazon.com.
Find An Article
Table of Contents
-
Introduction 4>
- BU-001: Sharing Battery Knowledge
- BU-002: Introduction
- BU-003: Dedication
-
Crash Course on Batteries 4>
- BU-101: When Was the Battery Invented?
- BU-102: Early Innovators
- BU-103: Global Battery Markets
- BU-103a: Battery Breakthroughs: Myth or Fact?
- BU-104: Getting to Know the Battery
- BU-104a: Comparing the Battery with Other Power Sources
- BU-104b: Battery Building Blocks
- BU-104c: The Octagon Battery – What makes a Battery a Battery
- BU-105: Battery Definitions and what they mean
- BU-106: Advantages of Primary Batteries
- BU-106a: Choices of Primary Batteries
- BU-107: Comparison Table of Secondary Batteries
-
Battery Types 4>
- BU-201: How does the Lead Acid Battery Work?
- BU-201a: Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM)
- BU-201b: Gel Lead Acid Battery
- BU-202: New Lead Acid Systems
- BU-203: Nickel-based Batteries
- BU-204: How do Lithium Batteries Work?
- BU-205: Types of Lithium-ion
- BU-206: Lithium-polymer: Substance or Hype?
- BU-208: Cycling Performance
- BU-209: How does a Supercapacitor Work?
- BU-210: How does the Fuel Cell Work?
- BU-210a: Why does Sodium-sulfur need to be heated
- BU-210b: How does the Flow Battery Work?
- BU-211: Alternate Battery Systems
- BU-212: Future Batteries
- BU-214: Summary Table of Lead-based Batteries
- BU-215: Summary Table of Nickel-based Batteries
- BU-216: Summary Table of Lithium-based Batteries
- BU-217: Summary Table of Alternate Batteries
- BU-218: Summary Table of Future Batteries
-
Packaging and Safety 4>
- BU-301: A look at Old and New Battery Packaging
- BU-301a: Types of Battery Cells
- BU-302: Series and Parallel Battery Configurations
- BU-303: Confusion with Voltages
- BU-304: Why are Protection Circuits Needed?
- BU-304a: Safety Concerns with Li-ion
- BU-304b: Making Lithium-ion Safe
- BU-304c: Battery Safety in Public
- BU-305: Building a Lithium-ion Pack
- BU-306: What is the Function of the Separator?
- BU-307: How does Electrolyte Work?
- BU-308: Availability of Lithium
- BU-309: How does Graphite Work in Li-ion?
- BU-310: How does Cobalt Work in Li-ion?
- BU-311: Battery Raw Materials
-
Charge Methods 4>
- BU-401: How do Battery Chargers Work?
- BU-401a: Fast and Ultra-fast Chargers
- BU-402: What Is C-rate?
- BU-403: Charging Lead Acid
- BU-404: What is Equalizing Charge?
- BU-405: Charging with a Power Supply
- BU-406: Battery as a Buffer
- BU-407: Charging Nickel-cadmium
- BU-408: Charging Nickel-metal-hydride
- BU-409: Charging Lithium-ion
- BU-409a: Why do Old Li-ion Batteries Take Long to Charge?
- BU-409b: Charging Lithium Iron Phosphate
- BU-410: Charging at High and Low Temperatures
- BU-411: Charging from a USB Port
- BU-412: Charging without Wires
- BU-413: Charging with Solar, Turbine
- BU-413a: How to Store Renewable Energy in a Battery
- BU-414: How do Charger Chips Work?
- BU-415: How to Charge and When to Charge?
-
Discharge Methods 4>
- BU-501: Basics about Discharging
- BU-501a: Discharge Characteristics of Li-ion
- BU-502: Discharging at High and Low Temperatures
- BU-503: Determining Power Deliver by the Ragone Plot
- BU-504: How to Verify Sufficient Battery Capacity
-
"Smart" Battery 4>
- BU-601: How does a Smart Battery Work?
- BU-602: How does a Battery Fuel Gauge Work?
- BU-603: How to Calibrate a “Smart” Battery
- BU-603a: Calibrating SMBus Batteries with Impedance Tracking
- BU-604: How to Process Data from a “Smart” Battery
- Testing and Calibrating Smart Batteries
-
From Birth to Retirement 4>
- BU-701: How to Prime Batteries
- BU-702: How to Store Batteries
- BU-703: Health Concerns with Batteries
- BU-704: How to Transport Batteries
- BU-704a: Shipping Lithium-based Batteries by Air
- BU-704b: CAUTION & Overpack Labels
- BU-704c: Class 9 Label
- BU-704d: NFPA 704 Rating
- BU-704e: Battery for Personal and Fleet Use
- BU-705: How to Recycle Batteries
- BU-705a: Battery Recycling as a Business
- BU-706: Summary of Do's and Don'ts
-
How To Prolong Battery Life 4>
-
General 4>
- BU-801: Setting Battery Performance Standards
- BU-801a: How to Rate Battery Runtime
- BU-801b: How to Define Battery Life
- BU-802: What Causes Capacity Loss?
- BU-802a: How does Rising Internal Resistance affect Performance?
- BU-802b: What does Elevated Self-discharge Do?
- BU-802c: How Low can a Battery be Discharged?
- BU-803: Can Batteries Be Restored?
- BU-803a: Cell Matching and Balancing
- BU-803b: What causes Cells to Short?
- BU-803c: Loss of Electrolyte
-
Lead Acid 4>
- BU-804: How to Prolong Lead-acid Batteries
- BU-804a: Corrosion, Shedding and Internal Short
- BU-804b: Sulfation and How to Prevent it
- BU-804c: Acid Stratification and Surface Charge
- BU-805: Additives to Boost Flooded Lead Acid
- BU-806: Tracking Battery Capacity and Resistance as part of Aging
- BU-806a: How Heat and Loading affect Battery Life
-
Nickel-based 4>
- BU-807: How to Restore Nickel-based Batteries
- BU-807a: Effect of Zapping
-
Lithium-ion 4>
- BU-808: How to Prolong Lithium-based Batteries
- BU-808a: How to Awaken a Sleeping Li-ion
- BU-808b: What Causes Li-ion to Die?
- BU-808c: Coulombic and Energy Efficiency with the Battery
- BU-809: How to Maximize Runtime
- BU-810: What Everyone Should Know About Aftermarket Batteries
- BU-811: Assuring Minimum Operational Reserve Energy (MORE)
-
Battery Testing and Monitoring 4>
- BU-901: Fundamentals in Battery Testing
- BU-901b: How to Measure the Remaining Useful Life of a Battery
- BU-902: How to Measure Internal Resistance
- BU-902a: How to Measure CCA
- BU-903: How to Measure State-of-charge
- BU-904: How to Measure Capacity
- BU-905: Testing Lead Acid Batteries
- BU-905a: Testing Starter Batteries in Vehicles
- BU-905b: Knowing when to Replace a Starter Battery
- BU-906: Testing Nickel-based Batteries
- BU-907: Testing Lithium-based Batteries
- BU-907a: Battery Rapid-test Methods
- BU-907b: Advancements in Battery Testing
- BU-907c: Cloud Analytics in Batteries
- BU-908: Battery Management System (BMS)
- BU-909: Battery Test Equipment
- BU-910: How to Repair a Battery Pack
- BU-911: How to Repair a Laptop Battery
- BU-915: Testing Battery with EIS
- BU-916: Deep Battery Diagnostics
- BU-917: In Search for Performance Transparency with Batteries
- BU-918: Battery Endurance Plan
-
Amazing Value of a Battery 4>
- BU-1001: Batteries in Industries
- BU-1002: Electric Powertrain, then and now
- BU-1002a: Hybrid Electric Vehicles and the Battery
- BU-1002b: Environmental Benefit of the Electric Powertrain
- BU-1003: Electric Vehicle (EV)
- BU-1003a: Battery Aging in an Electric Vehicle (EV)
- BU-1004: Charging an Electric Vehicle
- BU-1005: Does the Fuel Cell-powered Vehicle have a Future?
- BU-1006: Cost of Mobile and Renewable Power
- BU-1007: Net Calorific Value
- BU-1008: Working towards Sustainability
- BU-1009: Battery Paradox - Afterword
-
Information 4>
- BU-1101: Glossary
- BU-1102: Abbreviations
- BU-1103: Bibliography
- BU-1104: About the Author
- BU-1105: About Cadex (Sponsor)
- BU-1106: Author's Creed
- BU-1107: Disclaimer
- BU-1108: Copyright
-
Learning Tools 4>
- BU-1501 Battery History
- BU-1502 Basics about Batteries
- BU-1503 How to Maintain Batteries
- BU-1504 Battery Test & Analyzing Devices
- BU-1505 Short History of Cadex
-
Battery Articles 4>
- Perception of a Battery Tester
- Green Deal
- Risk Management in Batteries
- Predictive Test Methods for Starter Batteries
- Why Mobile Phone Batteries do not last as long as an EV Battery
- Battery Rapid-test Methods
- How to Charge Li-ion with a Parasitic Load
- Ultra-fast Charging
- Assuring Safety of Lithium-ion in the Workforce
- Diagnostic Battery Management
- Tweaking the Mobile Phone Battery
- Battery Test Methods
- Battery Testing and Safety
- How to Make Battery Performance Transparent
- Battery Diagnostics On-the-fly
- Making Battery State-of-health Transparent
- Batteries will eventually die, but when and how?
- Why does Pokémon Go rob so much Battery Power?
- How to Care for the Battery
- Tesla’s iPhone Moment — How the Powerwall will Change Global Energy Use
- Painting the Battery Green by giving it a Second Life
- Charging without Wires — A Solution or Laziness
- What everyone should know about Battery Chargers
- A Look at Cell Formats and how to Build a good Battery
- Battery Breakthroughs — Myth or Fact?
- Rapid-test Methods that No Longer Work
- Shipping Lithium-based Batteries by Air
- How to make Batteries more Reliable and Longer Lasting
- What causes Lithium-ion to die?
- Safety of Lithium-ion Batteries
- Recognizing Battery Capacity as the Missing Link
- Managing Batteries for Warehouse Logistics
- Caring for your Starter Battery
- Giving Batteries a Second Life
- How to Make Batteries in Medical Devices More Reliable
- Possible Solutions for the Battery Problem on the Boeing 787
- Impedance Spectroscopy Checks Battery Capacity in 15 Seconds
- How to Improve the Battery Fuel Gauge
- Examining Loading Characteristics on Primary and Secondary Batteries
-
Language Pool 4>
- BU-001: Compartir conocimiento sobre baterías
- BU-002: Introducción
- BU-003: Dedicatoria
- BU-104: Conociendo la Batería
- BU-302: Configuraciones de Baterías en Serie y Paralelo
-
Batteries in a Portable World book 4>
- Change-log of “Batteries in a Portable World,” 4th edition: Chapters 1 - 3
- Change-log of “Batteries in a Portable World,” 4th edition: Chapters 4 - 10