BU-003: Dedicatoria (Español)The information in this book is provided for the benefit of all battery users. Batteries have become our steady travel companion. They help us reach a friend, allow us to work outside the confines of four walls, offer…
Last Updated: 3-Dec-2021
The interest in batteries is growing, but stored energy must be respected. Children and adults alike are often unaware of the potential safety hazards when experimenting with batteries by heating cells, crushing them or applying an electrical short. Some batteries…
Last Updated: 25-Oct-2021
Permission to PublishBattery University provides the content free of charge for educational purposes. The material is the copyright ©2003 – 2021 of Cadex Electronics Inc. (Cadex). You may use extracts of the information but only if, in each instance, you…
Last Updated: 16-Jul-2026
Starter batteries have two end-of-life modes: Heat failure and capacity fade. Heat failure is caused by corrosion that appears early in life and manifests itself in poor cranking caused by high internal resistance. This deficiency can easily be measured with…
Last Updated: 31-Aug-2018
There are more mobile phones in the world than people. No other products have taken off so quickly — faster than the automobile, television, the PC and the Internet. Advancing from a clunky and expensive box in the 1990s to…
Last Updated: 27-May-2017
From basic Voltage to Electrochemical Impedance SpectroscopyFrom 2013 to 2020, experts predict a 3.7 fold increase in the demand of lithium-ion batteries. This growing dependency on batteries requires advancements in diagnostics to observe capacity loss to maintain reliability as the…
Last Updated: 26-Apr-2017
Removing the “black-box” stigma by making performance transparentBattery users imagine a battery pack being an energy storage device that resembles a fuel tank dispensing liquid fuel. For simplicity reasons, a battery can indeed be perceived as a vessel storing electrical…
Last Updated: 2-Nov-2016
Medical technicians have discovered that most defibrillators batteries had over 90% capacity left when the two-year expiry date called for replacement. This had led to discarding perfectly good batteries, escalating operational costs and stressing the environment. A manager of the…
Last Updated: 17-Sep-2016
Discovering Damage before Danger Arises with the Three-prong Battery TestThe media is quick to report mishaps with lithium-ion batteries. A failed Li-ion gets higher attention than an accident with an older battery chemistry. Electric hoverboards have been recalled because of…
Last Updated: 3-Sep-2016
A speaker at a battery conference once said that a battery in a mobile phone should last for several months between recharges to resemble a battery in a watch. In the 1990s, the runtime of mobile phones improved with batteries…
Last Updated: 22-Jul-2016
The numbers of battery conferences are growing, but the agendas are similar — portraying a super battery that does not yet exist. With a grant of $120 million from the US Department of Energy, the Joint Centre for Energy Storage…
Last Updated: 23-Jun-2016
The Tesla battery that Elon Musk announced gets much media attention, and rightly so. The Powerwall, as the Tesla battery is called, can store energy from renewable sources from solar panels and wind turbines to supplement energy needs and reduce…
Last Updated: 1-Jun-2015
Lead and cadmium-based batteries pose the largest environmental concerns, so much so that the nickel-cadmium battery was banned in Europe. Efforts are made to also replace the lead-based battery but no suitable replacement is available as was the case by…
Last Updated: 5-Aug-2016
Few other products have such stringent requirementsSociety seeks liberation from the dependence of oil and gravitates towards the battery as the ideal green solution for our energy needs. While this crusade is noble and right, the battery has not yet…
Last Updated: 26-May-2015
The market offers a wide choice of battery testers, all providing correct predictions when the battery is dead, but so does the user. The challenge is tracking the capacity of a working battery that is in normal use but will…
Last Updated: 26-May-2015
Regulations made easy to UnderstandBattery shipment has come under strict transportation regulation and this is especially critical with lithium-based products. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) and Dangerous Goods Regulation (DGR) are trusted resources to help prepare and document dangerous…
Last Updated: 26-May-2015
Knowing the health of a battery is important, but no quick method exists to test them with certainty. State-of-health (SoH) cannot be measured per se, only estimated to various degrees of accuracies based on available symptoms. A battery behaves much…
Last Updated: 26-Mar-2015
Tesla Motors expects to consume two billion Li-ion cells by 2017. Both the Tesla Model S and Model X electric vehicles (EV) get their electrical energy from the 18650 cell, a format that also powers laptops and medical devices. The…
Last Updated: 26-Sep-2017
Battery users want state-of-charge (SoC) and remaining runtime clearly displayed on their devices. Smartphones apps do this in an amazing way, but one questions the resource on which the information is based on. While data can easily be digitized for…
Last Updated: 26-May-2015
Batteries are critical components in medical devices. As more instruments are computerized and become mobile, systems performance and reliability depends heavily on the battery. Improvements in battery reliability are necessary, and at a recent workshop with Cadex Electronics, the US…
Last Updated: 26-May-2015
NOTE: This article has been archived. Please read our new "Cost of Power" for an updated version.Electrical energy from non-rechargeable (primary) batteries is expensive in relative terms and its use is limited to low power applications such as watches, flashlights…
Last Updated: 31-Aug-2017
A new battery starts service at an expected capacity of 100%. With use, the capacity fades until the battery can no longer deliver the required energy to crank the engine and motorists get stranded. This article introduces a test method…
Last Updated: 9-Apr-2026
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